Arthur Henrique Ramos de Oliveira Melo was born on 12 August 1996 in Goiânia, Brazil. He began his footballing education at local club Goiás before moving to Grêmio's academy in 2010. After impressing in youth competitions, he was promoted to the first team and gradually became a regular starter, earning wide attention in 2017 with a series of strong performances in domestic and continental competition.
That 2017 season proved a landmark: Arthur played a key role in Grêmio's Copa Libertadores triumph, being named man of the match in the final's second leg against Lanús. His displays attracted interest from several top European clubs, and in July 2018 he joined Barcelona for an initial fee of €31 million. He went on to win La Liga and the Supercopa de España during his time in Catalonia before moving to Juventus in a high-profile €72 million deal in 2020.
A technical, ball-retaining central midfielder with strong passing range and positional intelligence, Arthur drew comparisons with Andrés Iniesta during his early career. He has represented Brazil at senior level since 2018 and was part of the squad that won the 2019 Copa América, assisting Gabriel Jesus's goal in the final against Peru.
His loan spell at Liverpool in the 2022–23 season was disrupted by fitness issues, limiting him to a single substitute appearance. He subsequently had loan stints at Fiorentina and Girona. Arthur is currently listed as a Liverpool player, though he is on loan at Grêmio for the 2025 and 2026 seasons.